“The most common context of a dog bite is related to interacting or attempting to interact with the dog (e.g., stroking, playing, handling, and restraining)”¹.
Answer: It sounds like he may be uncomfortable. Some dogs do not enjoy being petted. It could also be he has some sort of pain going on. Small, sensitive dogs in particular who often go to the groomers may become hand shy or not very tolerant of being handled/touched in the long term.
Never wake your dog up if they are sleeping, growling is an instinctual reflex and it's normal/to be expected. The dog is resource guarding the couch and bed, and she should no longer be allowed on either.
A pleasure growl sounds very low and rumbling, and may last much longer than other dog growls. It's relatively clear from the situation your pet is in if they are emitting a pleasure growl: if they are having their belly rubbed or something else they really enjoy!
Some dogs growl as a sign of affection or contentment. Your pup might emit low growls when you pet them, for example. It may sound something like a louder version of a cat's purr. They can also growl as a sign that they want more affection.
Your dog may growl to show his affection and pleasure. There are some major differences between pleasure and aggressive growling. Aside from the tone, an aggressive growl may also be accompanied with visible teeth and pinned-back ears. A pleasure growl, on the other hand, tends to sound very low and rumbling.
It is rather an innate response triggered by the dog's self-defense system. The dog may feel alarmed and he may go into a ''fight or flight mode,'' but since a hug restrains him, he may more likely go into fight mode and react aggressively by giving a warning growl.
Dogs growl as a way to communicate. Growling indicates pain, fear, possessiveness, aggression, or that a dog is having fun.
If you punish your dog when he steals your dinner, he may stop doing that, but if you punish your dog for snarling, you may get more growling, or worse, a bite. This is because fear or anxiety does not respond to rewards and punishments in the same way that behaviors do. In fact, it's just the opposite!
Many times, a dog that flinches when you move your hand near them will indicate that they have been mistreated at some point and have not forgotten the incident. Lack of proper socialization or a naturally shy personality can also cause your dog to flinch or startle easily when in strange or stressful situations.
This is where counter-conditioning comes in. Your dog growls because he has a negative association with something – say he growls when you touch his paw. For some reason, he's convinced that having his paw touched is a bad thing.
Fear. Fear is the most common cause of growling. It's a defense tactic. The surprise of being lifted off the ground, the lack of control your poor pup has when off the ground or simply one bad previous experience of being picked up could all be causing him to be fearful.
Sounds like she does not want to hurt anyone but is simply alerting you to the fact that she may not be comfortable. My first suggestion would be to find a really good doggie chiropractor in your area and have them check her out to see if perhaps she is in any discomfort.